Introduction to optical mineralogy /

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"Introduction to Optical Mineralogy provides comprehensive coverage of the optical properties of minerals. It describes in detail more that 125 rock-forming minerals and a selection of common ore minerals. Revised chapters on optical theory discuss the petrographic microscope, the nature and pr...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Nesse, William D.
Format: Printed Book
Published: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, 2013.
Edition:4th ed.
Subjects:
Optical mineralogy.
Mineralogy, Determinative.
SCIENCE / Earth Sciences / Mineralogy.
SCIENCE / Earth Sciences / Geology.
SCIENCE / Earth Sciences / General.
Table of Contents:
  • Machine generated contents note:
  • Table of Contents
  • Preface xi
  • Chapter 1: Light 1
  • The Nature of Light 1
  • Electromagnetic Radiation 1
  • Phase 3
  • The Perception of Color 4
  • Interaction of Light and Matter 5
  • Transmitted Light 5
  • Velocity 5
  • Index of Refraction 5
  • Reflection 7
  • Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection 7
  • Optical Class 8
  • Dispersion 9
  • Optical Indicatrix 9
  • Light Absorption and Color 10
  • Polarized Light 10
  • Polarization by Double Refraction 11
  • Polarization by Reflection 12
  • Polarization by Scattering 13
  • Chapter 2: The Petrographic Microscope 14
  • Direction Conventions 14
  • Samples 14
  • Illuminator 15
  • Substage Assembly 16
  • Microscope Stage 17
  • Objective Lenses 17
  • Vertical Illuminator 18
  • Upper Polarizer 18
  • Bertrand Lens 19
  • Ocular 19
  • Focusing Mechanism 19
  • Accessories 20
  • Additional Equipment 20
  • General Care of the Microscope 21
  • Adjustment of the Microscope 21
  • Adjusting the Oculars 21
  • Focusing 22
  • Adjusting the Illuminator 22
  • Centering the Objectives 22
  • Adjusting the Substage 23
  • Alignment of Polarizers 23
  • General Considerations 24
  • Chapter 3: Refractometry 25
  • Relief 25
  • Becke Line Method 25
  • Dispersion Effects 28
  • Oblique Illumination Method 30
  • Practical Considerations 31
  • Accuracy of the Immersion Method 32
  • Determining Indices of Refraction in Thin Section 33
  • Chapter 4: Optics of Isotropic Materials 34
  • Isotropic Indicatrix 34
  • Distinguishing Between Isotropic and Anisotropic Minerals 34
  • Indentification of Isotropic Minerals 34
  • Grain Mount 35
  • Thin Section 36
  • Chapter 5: Optics of Anisotropic Minerals: Introduction 37
  • Interference Phenomena 39
  • Monocromatic Illumination 39
  • Retardation 39
  • Birefringence 40
  • Interference of the Two Rays 40
  • Polychromatic Illumination 41
  • Orders of Interference Colors 43
  • Anomalous Interference Colors 43
  • Determining Thickness of a Sample 43
  • Thin Section 43
  • Grain Mount 44
  • Determining Birefringence from the Color Chart 45
  • Thin Section 45
  • Grain Mount 45
  • Recognizing the Different Orders of Interference Colors 45
  • Extinction 45
  • Categories of Extinction 46
  • Use of the Accessory Plates 47
  • Sign of Elongation 50
  • Relief 51
  • Pleochroism 51
  • Chapter 6: Uniaxial Optics 53
  • Optic Sign 53
  • Crystallographic Considerations 54
  • Uniaxial Indicatrix 55
  • Use of the Indicatrix 56
  • Birefringence and Interference Colors 58
  • Extinction 60
  • Tetragonal Minerals 61
  • Hexagonal Minerals 61
  • Rhombohedral Cleavage 61
  • Prismatic and Pinacoidal Cleavage 61
  • Pleochroism 64
  • Interference Figure 65
  • Optic Axis Interference Figure 65
  • Formation of Isochromes 66
  • Formation of Isogyres 67
  • Determining Optic Sign 67
  • Off-Center Optic Axis Figure 69
  • Flash Figure 69
  • Selecting Grains to Give Interference Figures 72
  • Optic Axis Figure 72
  • Flash Figure 72
  • Determining Indices of Refraction 72
  • Grain Mount 72
  • Determining n? 72
  • Determining n? 73
  • Thin Section 74
  • Spindle Stage 74
  • Chapter 7: Biaxial Optics 76
  • Biaxial Indicatrix 76
  • Mathematical Relationships 78
  • Use of the Indicatrix 79
  • Normal Incidence Parallel to an Indicatrix Axis 81
  • Normal Incidence Parallel to an Optic Axis 81
  • Normal Indicidence in a Random Direction 82
  • Inclined Incidence 82
  • Crystallographic Orientation of Indicatrix Axes 83
  • Orthorhombic Minerals 83
  • Monoclinic Minerals 84
  • Triclinic Minerals 84
  • Biaxial Interference Figure 84
  • Acute Bisectrix Figure 85
  • Formation of Isochromes 85
  • Vibration Directions and Formation of Isogyres 86
  • Centered Optic Axis Figure 88
  • Obtuse Bisectrix Figure 89
  • Optic Normal Figure 89
  • Off-Center Figures 90
  • Determining Optic Sign 91
  • Acute Bisectrix Figure 91
  • Obtuse Bisectrix Figure 94
  • Optic Axis Figure 91
  • Flash Figures 91
  • Determining 2V 95
  • 2V Versus 2E 95
  • Mallard's Method 95
  • Tobi's Method 96
  • Kamb's Method 97
  • Wright Method 98
  • Selecting Grains to Produce Interference Figures 99
  • Pleochroism 101
  • Extinction 101
  • Orthorhombc Minerals 101
  • Monoclinic Minerals 102
  • Triclinic Minerals 103
  • Sign of Elongation 103
  • Indices of Refraction 104
  • Grain Mount 104
  • Spindle Stage 104
  • Dispersion in Biaxial Minerals 106
  • Orthorhombic Minerals 106
  • Monoclinic Minerals 107
  • Triclinic Minerals 108
  • Chapter 8: Reflected Light Optics 110
  • Physical Properties Observed with Polished Sections 110
  • Crystal Form and Habit 110
  • Hardness 111
  • Observation in Plane Polarized Light 114
  • Reflectance 114
  • Bireflectance 115
  • Measurement of Reflectance and Bireflectance 116
  • Color and Pleochroism 117
  • Isotropic Minerals 117
  • Anisotropic Minerals 117
  • Observations with Crossed Polarizers 118
  • Polarization Colors 118
  • Isotropic Minerals 118
  • Anisotropic Minerals 118
  • Internal Reflections 119
  • Observations Related to Conoscopic Illumination 120
  • Practical Considerations 120
  • Chapter 9: Indentification of Minerals 122
  • Descriptive Features 122
  • Cleavage 122
  • Twinning 122
  • Alteration 123
  • Association 123
  • Tactics for Mineral Identification 123
  • Thin Section Identification 123
  • Grain Mount Identification 124
  • Polished Section Identification 125
  • Use of the Identification Tables 125
  • Nonminerals 126
  • Problems in Paradise 126
  • Inconsistencies in Crystallographic Settings 127
  • Poor Data 127
  • Chapter 10: Framework Silicates 128
  • Silica Group 128
  • Quartz 128
  • Chalcedony 128
  • Tridymite 131
  • Cristobalite 132
  • Opal 132
  • Volcanic Glass 133
  • Feldspars 134
  • Plagioclase 135
  • Thin Section 138
  • Grain Mount 142
  • Alkali Feldspars 144
  • Sanidine 148
  • Orthoclase 149
  • Microcline 150
  • Adularia 150
  • Anorthoclase 151
  • Feldspathoids 151
  • Nepheline 151
  • Sodalite Group 153
  • Leucite 153
  • Cancrinite-Vishnevite 154
  • Zeolites 155
  • Analcime (Analcite) 156
  • Natrolite 157
  • Thomsonite 158
  • Stilbite 159
  • Chabazite 159
  • Heulandite 160
  • Laumondite 161
  • Other Minerals and Mineraloids 162
  • Scapolite 162
  • Chapter 11: Sheet Silicates 164
  • TO Layer Silicates 166
  • Kaolinite 166
  • Serpentine 166
  • TOT Layer Silicates 167
  • Pyrophyllite 167
  • Talc 168
  • TOT + Interlayer Cation Layer Silicates 169
  • Muscovite 169
  • Biotite 171
  • Lepidolite 173
  • Glauconite 174
  • Margarite 175
  • Clintonite 175
  • TOT + O Layer Silicates 176
  • Chlorite 176
  • Clay Minerals 178
  • Other Sheet Silicates 180
  • Stilpnomelane 180
  • Prehnite 181
  • Apophyllite 182
  • Chapter 12: Chain Silicates 184
  • Pyroxenes 185
  • Enstatite-Ferrosilite (Orthopyroxene) 187
  • Pigeonite 190
  • Calcic Clinopyroxene (Augite) 192
  • Aegirine, Aegirine-Augite 194
  • Omphacite 196
  • Jadeite 197
  • Spodumene 198
  • Amphiboles 199
  • Anthophyllite 202
  • Gedrite 204
  • Cummingtonite-Grunerite 205
  • Tremolite-Actinolite-Ferro-Actinolite 207
  • Hornblende 208
  • Oxyhornblende 210
  • Kaersutite 211
  • Richterite 212
  • Arfvedsonite and Eckermannite 213
  • Glaucophane-Riebeckite Series 215
  • Pyroxenoids 217
  • Wollastonite 217
  • Rhodonite 218
  • Pectolite 219
  • Other Chain Silicates 220
  • Sapphirine 220
  • Chapter 13: Disilicates and Ring Silicates 223
  • Disilicates 223
  • Lawsonite 223
  • Pumpellyite 224
  • Melilite 226
  • Vesuvianite (Idocrase) 227
  • Epidote Group 227
  • Zoisite 228
  • Clinozoisite-Epidote 229
  • Piemontite 232
  • Allanite 233
  • Ring Silicates 234
  • Tourmaline 234
  • Axinite 236
  • Beryl 237
  • Cordierite 238
  • Chapter 14: Orthosilicates 241
  • Olivine 241
  • Monticellite 243
  • Humite Group 244
  • Garnet Group 246
  • Andalusite 248
  • Sillimanite 250
  • Kyanite 252
  • Staurolite 253
  • Chloritoid 255
  • Titanite (Sphene) 256
  • Topaz 257
  • Zircon 259
  • Dumortierite 260
  • Chapter 15: Carbonates, Borates, Sulfates, and Phosphates 262
  • Carbonates 262
  • Calcite 264
  • Magnesite 266
  • Siderite 266
  • Rhodochrosite 267
  • Dolomite-Ankerite 268
  • Aragonite 270
  • Strontianite 271
  • Witherite 272
  • Malachite 272
  • Azurite 272
  • Borates 273
  • Borax 273
  • Colemanite 275
  • Sulfates 275
  • Barite 275
  • Celestine (Celestite) 276
  • Gypsum 277
  • Anhydrite 278
  • Alunite 279
  • Phosphates 280
  • Apatite 280
  • Monazite 282
  • Xenotime 283
  • Chapter 16: Native Elements, Sulfides, Halides, Oxides, and Hydroxides 285
  • Native Elements 285
  • Sulfur 285
  • Graphite 286
  • Gold 286
  • Silver 287
  • Copper 287
  • Sulfides and Related Minerals 288
  • Pyrite 293
  • Marcasite 294
  • Sphalerite 295
  • Galena 296
  • Pyrrhotite 296
  • Chalcopyrite 297
  • Halides 297
  • Halite 297
  • Sylvite 298
  • Fluorite 299
  • Oxides 299
  • Periclase 299
  • Cuprite 300
  • Rutile 300
  • Anatase 301
  • Cassiterite 302
  • Corundum 303
  • Hematite 304
  • Ilmenite 305
  • Perovskite 306
  • Chrysoberyl 306
  • The Spinel Group 307
  • Spinel Series 307
  • Magnetite 308
  • Chromite 309
  • Hydroxides 309
  • Brucite 309
  • Gibbsite 310
  • Diaspore 311
  • B©℗℗ưhmite (Boehmite) 312
  • Goethite 313
  • Lepidocrocite 314
  • Limonite 315
  • Appendix A: Sample Presentation 316
  • Grain Mount 316
  • Thin Section 316
  • Spindle Stage 317
  • Polished Section 317
  • Appendix B: Indentification Tables 319
  • Appendix C: Mineral Associations 335
  • Mineral Index 339
  • Subject Index 339.

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