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Standardisation of organic manures and effect of microbial inoculants on growth, yield and quality of kasthuri turmeric (curcuma aromatica salisb.)
The studies on the “Standardization of organic manures and effect of microbial inoculants on growth, yield and quality of kasthuri turmeric (Curcuma aromatica Salisb.)” were carried out at the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 200...
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| Formato: | Ph.D Thesis |
| Idioma: | Undetermined |
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Vellayani
Department of Plantation Crop and Spices, College of Agriculture
2009
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| Summary: | The studies on the “Standardization of organic manures and effect of microbial inoculants on growth, yield and quality of kasthuri turmeric (Curcuma aromatica Salisb.)” were carried out at the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2006-2008.
The investigation was taken up as four separate experiments. The first experiment was “Laboratory incubation studies of the organic manures.” The organic manures were FYM, vermicompost, coirpith compost and neemcake. The incubation study revealed that application of neem cake 6.0 t ha-1 significantly influenced the available N content and was superior to all other treatments and showed an increasing trend throughout the incubation period whereas, vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 was superior to all other treatments and recorded the highest available P2O5 content. But the available K2O was significantly influenced by the application of vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 and neem cake 6.0 t ha-1.
The second experiment was “Effect of organic manures on growth, yield and quality of kasthuri turmeric (Curcuma aromatica Salisb.)”, which was laid out in RBD with three replications and 13 treatments. Three levels of four organic manures viz., FYM (20.0, 30.0 and 40.0 t ha-1), vermicompost (15.0, 20.0 and 25.0 t ha-1), coirpith compost (20.0, 30.0 and 40.0 t ha-1) and neemcake (3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 t ha-1) with one absolute control were tried. The experiment was repeated during second year also.
The results showed that vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 and neemcake 6.0 t ha-1 were signifiantly superior to all other treatments and recorded the maximum plant height, number of tillers, number of leaves, leaf area, rhizome spread, rhizome thickness, root spread, root length, root weight and number of fingers.
Vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 was significantly superior and recorded the maximum fresh rhizome yield of kasthuri turmeric throughout the crop growth. At final harvest, this treatment recorded a fresh yield of 364.95 g plant-1 and 396.33 g plant-1, during first and second crop, respectively. But with respect to the dry rhizome yield, initially vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 was superior and towards the final harvest vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 and neemcake 6.0 t ha-1 were on par and significantly superior to all other treatments. It was also observed that vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 and neem cake 6.0 t ha-1 were significantly superior to all other treatments and recorded highest top yield, and also took minimum days for attaining maturity (222.58 and 223.13 days, respectively).
Physiological characters like DMP, LAI, CGR and RGR were found to be highly influenced by the application of vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 and neemcake 6.0 t ha-1 which were significantly superior to all other treatments. But vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 was superior and recorded maximum values of LAD, HI, and rhizome : shoot ratio.
The anatomical characters also revealed that vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 and neemcake 6.0 t ha-1 were significantly superior and recorded maximum leaf cuticle thickness, number of vascular bundles and stomatal frequency.
The biochemical analysis showed that curcumin content, volatile oil, non volatile ether extract (NVEE), crude fibre, starch, total carbohydrates and protein content were significantly influenced by the application of organic manures and vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 was found to be superior to all other treatments. The curcumin content of plants given vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 were 0.083 and 0.092 per cent during first and second crop, respectively and a volatile content of 6.58 and 6.73 per cent during first and second crop, respectively.
It was observed that organic manures improved the soil physical and chemical characters like bulk density, water holding capacity, electrical conductivity and soil pH. It was found that vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 was significantly superior and resulted in best values of these parameters. Neem cake 6.0 t ha-1 was significantly superior in recording maximum available N content and also uptake of N. Available P and K content and uptake of P and K was significantly superior when vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 was applied.
The B:C ratio was influenced by the application of vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 which was superior to all other treatments and recorded a B: C ratio of 4.7 and 5.7 during first and second year, respectively followed by neemcake 6.0 t ha-1 (4.4 and 4.9 during first and second crop, respectively)
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The third experiment was “Residual effect of different organic manures on succeeding vegetable crop (amaranthus)”. The results showed that as in the main crop, vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 and neemcake 6.0 t ha-1 and were on par and significantly superior to all other treatments and recorded the maximum biomass yield of amaranthus (10.41 and 11.39 t ha-1, respectively).
The fourth experiment was “Effect of microbial inoculants on growth, yield and quality of kasthuri turmeric Curcuma aromatica Salisb,” in CRD with 16 treatments and three replications.The microbial inoculants used were Azospirillum brasilense, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Pseudomonas flourescens, Trichoderma harzianum and their combinations.
The results revealed that combined application of bioinoculants like Azospirillum, AMF, Pseudomonas and Trichoderma was significantly superior to all other treatments and produced tallest plants with more number of leaves and tillers, maximum leaf area, rhizome spread, rhizome thickness, root spread, root length, root weight and number of fingers, with maximum fresh and dry rhizome yield as well as top yield and also took minimum days for attaining maturity. The quality parameters like curcumin, volatile oil, non volatile ether extract (NVEE), were also found to be highly influenced by the combined application of all these microbial inoculants, which was significantly superior.
To sum up, the results of two years study could standardize an organic manure dose in the cultivation of Curcuma aromatica Salisb. for getting better growth, yield and quality. The best dose identified was vermicompost 25.0 t ha-1 or neem cake 6.0 t ha-1 which were statistically superior to all other treatments. It was also observed that a combined application of microbial inoculants such as Azospirillum, AMF, Pseudomonas and Trichoderma was best for better growth, yield and quality of kasthuri turmeric.
Increase in the profitability of crop during the second year of experimentation and reduction in the intensity of pest and disease incidence indicate the feasibility of switching over from inorganic farming to organic farming.
Further studies using the higher levels of these organic manures and their split application along with microbial inoculants are necessary to develop an organic package of practices recommendations for getting good quality produce with maximum returns. Moreover, popularization of the crop and development of value added products and appropriate marketing strategy are necessary for making the crop more remunerative.
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| Descrición Física: | 269 |